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Dried blood spots (DBS) are a useful specimen collection tool in situations where venous access is problematic, however, detection of biomarkers from this specimen type is subject to variation depending on storage conditions and storage time.
Vitreous fluid has been described as a useful specimen for postmortem analysis because the eye is isolated and the fluid is less subjected to contamination or purification (7 ).
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Biomarker research looks at all useful specimens, as identified below.
The blood culture results are shown for skin and soft tissue infections, because useful specimens were not usually obtained.
Nasopharyngeal aspirates and throat and nose swabs appear to be of comparable sensitivity (30% and 28%, respectively), while stool specimens are less useful specimens in the first 5 days of illness (sensitivity 20%).
Clearly vesicle swabs are very useful specimens, but only 18% of the children had had vesicle swabs taken because not all children presented with skin lesions filled with abundant fluid.
The presence of IgA, but also of IgG and IgM, makes oral fluid a useful biological specimen for immunological assays.
When amplification or sequencing failed, DNA was re-amplified and re-sequenced using primers that amplify smaller overlapping fragments and yield shorter sequences, but are still useful for specimen identification and sequence analysis [ 52, 53].
Some investigators have reported that pleural effusion fluid is a useful clinical specimen for searching for point mutations in oncogenes, such as K-ras, rho A, p53, and FHIT (Nakamoto et al, 2001; Lee et al, 2004).
Later collectors provided more useful information: specimens from AFG Kerr, who spent much of the 1920s and 30s exploring in Thailand, are labelled with an exact date as well as details of their relevant location and further notes (although these labels are hand-written and hard to decipher).
Both direct touch and smear preparations are useful when specimens must be transported some distance for electron microscopic examination.
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