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While commonly used, variability in the TAC model is poorly defined.
Barash et al. used variability in redundant measurements to estimate noise, and found that RMA outperformed dChip and MAS5 without decreasing the number of differentially expressed genes [6].
Another study used variability in the pulse oximeter plethysmogram, the pleth variability index [ 31].
When fewer sampling points are used, variability in these estimates increased, as expected.
Among differences in the studies are case-type selection, targeted ranges of blood glucose, inconsistency in the frequency of blood glucose monitoring, variability in the accuracy of glucometer devices used, variability in the methods used to define euglycemia, whether insulin dosing was driven by paper protocol or software algorithm, and nonstandardization in caloric intake.
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Benchmark approaches estimate risks using variability in response to a fixed dose level in comparison with background control variability.
In the absence of approved biosimilars in the US, the intent here was to use variability in pharmacokinetics and structural complexity of these small-molecule products as appropriate surrogates for the clinical variability and heterogeneity expected with respect to biosimilars and their reference biologics (see online-only appendix for further details on study drug selection).
As the retrospective data were used, the variability in time was due to a number of factors, including the difference of suspected diagnosis and the practicalities associated with imaging for each pediatric patient.
LIMMA uses an empirical Bayes approach that uses the variability in all genes for testing for signficiant differences, with this approach resulting in more stable inferences for a relatively small number of arrays [12], [13].
The scale can therefore detect variability over time, and anecdotal information suggests that some participants were able to use this variability in noting changes in their use of treatment or events in their life.
Probabilistic approaches estimate risks using the variability in the dose to produce a small effect in the sample population.
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