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Therefore, we used two indirect measures of resistance, which have been commonly used in ecological and agricultural studies: resistance was determined as 1- the amount of leaf area consumed in terms of proportion of leaf area damaged by the herbivores (e.g., [42], [43], [45]) and inverse of herbivore performance on plants [22], [45].
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To explore the impact of the new health care policy on farm household's decision making process of working off the farm; we attempted to use three indirect measures of eligibility to participate in health exchanges.
As the Radix genome has not been sequenced yet, we chose to use three indirect quality measures for an overall comparison of all contig sets.
To measure conservatism, the researchers used two measures.
We used two measures of conservation status.
We compared five indirect measures of two databases of children's feet.
We use two measures of explained variation appropriate for binary outcome - direct and indirect [ 16].
Cognitive processes can also be investigated using several indirect measures, particularly those of information theory.
Physiologic measures use indirect measures of mental workload by studying ocular and cardiac responses.
Therefore, researchers use indirect measures to estimate the signal quality of the physiological signals.
Differential diffusion effects are measured using two methods: a direct computation using diffusion velocities and an indirect computation based on the difference between the normalized mixture fractions of C and H.
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