However, we have used three different estimates since beginning this work, with consistent results.Some researchers challenge ecological studies because they may lead to erroneously attributing illness at the group level to the individual.
In a widely quoted study, Armstrong and Kricker (1993) used three different estimates of incidence in 'unexposed' populations to compare with the observed rates in Australia: The incidence of melanoma at body sites unexposed to the sun (buttocks and (in women) the scalp, from the Queensland Cancer Registry in 1987; Green et al, 1993 ).
Data was assessed by using two different estimates: 1) provocation dose which increases Rint, EI by 100% (PD100Rint, EI), calculated by interpolation from the last two points of the cumulative semilogarithmic dose-response diagram, and 2) the percent slope (dose-response ratio-DRR) of a line extending from the origin to the last point of the curve (DRR) [ 16].
The estimation of small range sizes is crucial for our paper, so we conducted all analyses using two different estimates for these buffer zones: a rather large one of 25 km radius versus a small quasi-zero one of 17 m radius.
In the absence of comprehensive direct mortality data for ethnic groups in England and Wales from which to calculate life tables, we used two different mortality estimates for ethnic groups developed by Rees, Wohland, and Norman (2009) for the use in ethnic population projections for the UK local areas.
In the present study, the models were estimated using three different estimation procedures: the LL, the PQL and the MCMC procedures.
In order to gain a rough estimate of the divergence time between populations of B. rufescens on either side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, we used two different substitution rate estimates for cytb in a BEAST analysis [ 69] of the mtDNA data.
We have used two different algorithms to estimate the parameters of the linear model.
In this study we used two different methods to estimate the rate of apoptosis.
We used two different approaches for estimating vaccine efficacy.
