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DNA microarrays are now widely used to study differential gene expression in relation to arsenic exposure [ 11, 25- 27].
This is the first report in which iTRAQ has been used to study differential protein expression in any fruit.
Alternatively, quantitative methods (e.g. ANOVA) [ 16] have been used to study differential or condition-specific binding variations.
Genome-wide technologies such as microarray and sequencing are intensively used to study differential expression in e.g. disease and/or treatment, often compared with controls.
For example, several statistical tests have been used to study differential expression of genes based on the pairwise comparisons of SAGE libraries.
Representational difference analysis of cDNAs was used to study differential gene expression between neotenics and workers in the drywood termite Cryptotermes secundus (Kalotermitidae).
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Currently, many methods are being used to study differentials in the expression of genes including serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR), cDNA microarray, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), and cDNA-AFLP.
MDCK cells are widely used to study the differential targeting of membrane transporters to apical and basolateral membrane but its canine origin limited the commercial tools available for the analysis of protein trafficking machinery.
In the literature, some classical tools have been used to study impulsive differential equations.
Fixed-point theorems in cones [8 10] and the method of lower and upper solutions with monotone iterative technique [11 13], have been used to study impulsive differential equations.
In particular, some classical tools have been used to study singular differential equations and dynamical systems in the literature, including the degree theory [18 23], the method of upper and lower solutions [24, 25], Schauder's fixed point theorem [26 28], some fixed point theorems in cones for completely continuous operators [29 32] and a nonlinear Leray-Schauder alternative principle [33 36].
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