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Expression of actin was used to normalize samples for analysis.
Levels of 18S rRNA were used to normalize samples.
Glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) primers were used to normalize samples.
Primers specific for human GAPDH mRNA were used to normalize samples.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) primers were used to normalize samples.
The expression of RPLP0 was thus used to normalize samples for the amount of cDNA used per reaction.
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The housekeeping gene product, β-actin, was used to normalize sample proteins.
The principle challenge is that a low number of highly expressed genes with outlier measurements can significantly affect the total read count for one of the samples, and the ratio of total read counts in both samples is therefore not a reliable metric to use to normalize samples.
The level of GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) cDNA from each sample was used to normalize the samples for differences in PCR efficiency.
Ion intensity sums of spiked-in heavy peptide were used to normalize for sample-to-sample variation.
The ΔCT method was used to normalize the sample-to-sample variation in RNA/cDNA quantity using the 18s ribosomal RNA as the housekeeping gene (Zhu et al, 2004).
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