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The housekeeping gene product, β-actin, was used to normalize sample proteins.
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Expression of actin was used to normalize samples for analysis.
Levels of 18S rRNA were used to normalize samples.
Glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) primers were used to normalize samples.
Primers specific for human GAPDH mRNA were used to normalize samples.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) primers were used to normalize samples.
The expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used to normalize samples by adjusting the sample cDNA concentration.
The expression of RPLP0 was thus used to normalize samples for the amount of cDNA used per reaction.
The expression of the housekeeping gene 18S rRNA was used to normalize samples for the amount of cDNA used per reaction.
There were also no differences between groups in β-actin levels (p = 0.7, 2-tailed t test, data not shown), which were used to normalize samples on the Western blots.
The principle challenge is that a low number of highly expressed genes with outlier measurements can significantly affect the total read count for one of the samples, and the ratio of total read counts in both samples is therefore not a reliable metric to use to normalize samples.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com