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Then, global LOESS normalization was used to normalize all data, and the 2-replicate spots per gene in each array were used to maximize the robustness of differential expression measurement of each gene via the "lmFit" function [54].
Briefly, variance-stabilizing normalization was used to normalize all channels to each other, and subsequent measurements were arcsinh transformed.
β-actin was found to be consistent between tumor and normal intestine and was used to normalize all Cbx5 primer sets for each RT-PCR run.
Quantile normalization with the software Genespring (version GX 11.0.2) was used to normalize all the samples.
The affine transformation was then used to normalize all time frames of the dynamic small animal PET data set to allow automated and symmetric volumes of interest (VOIs) analyses.
Rather than just using it to predict ridership, perhaps given a forecast, its parameters could be used to normalize all the cities with light rail and give a "true" ranking that way.
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Quantification of 16S rRNA was also used to normalize the values all the other genes in the RT-PCR experiment.
The relative concentration of 18S and beta-actin were determined once for each cDNA sample and used to normalize concentrations of all other genes tested from the same cDNA sample.
The RT-PCR data of 16S rRNA gene was used to normalize that of all the other genes.
The gene encoding 18S rRNA was used to normalize the expression of all genes examined.
Five in vitro transcribed bacterial RNAs were spiked into each of the fractions at equivalent amounts and were used to normalize for differences in all subsequent steps of the procedure, including RNA purification, labeling with fluorescent dyes, hybridization to DNA microarrays and scanning [ 19].
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