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SEM was used to examine surface morphology change of silk and collagen samples.
The unifying concept of plate tectonics is used to examine surface and internal processes in the Earth, including earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain-building, ridge-axis hot springs, formation of continents, renewable and non-renewable energy.
In this work, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to examine surface topography while time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF SIMS) was used to characterise surface chemistry changes.
The utricle, the saccule and two cristae were used to examine surface preparations by SEM.
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SEM micrographs and backscattering electron images were used to examine the surface morphology and the distribution of copper across the surface, respectively.
A variety of complementary surface analysis techniques, such as RBS, SIMS, XPS and SEM have been used to examine the surface content and structure of the modified subsurface layers.
Raman spectroscopy and XPS are used to examine the surface chemistry of BPHA-coated samples, both of which suggest the formation of a BPHA surface film, possibly stabilized by the keto-to-iminol conversion that made the BPHA molecule strongly nucleophilic.
A Zygo® light interferometer was used to examine the surface roughness of the samples.
Electron microscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy were used to examine the surface characteristics of the scaffolds.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to examine the surface of a series of Cr100-xPx alloys (x = 0, 7, 13, 28) following a variety of electrochemical treatments in 1 mol1 H2SO4.
Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis was used to examine the surface chromate species for stage 1, and anion exchange membrane showed more chromate fouling comparing to cation exchange membrane due to more adsorption and concentration polarization effects for the anion exchange membrane.
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