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Data were collected by different staff across eight countries, although all used the same standardised data collection form for screening.
Sampling for both studies involved randomly selected participants residing in private dwellings and both studies used the same standardised and validated instrument to measure suicidal ideation and suicide attempts at a similar point in time.
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We also used the same method to age standardise the means of continuous variables and proportions with risk factors by ethnic group.
All telephone interviews including the first contact followed standardised interview guidelines, and used the same wording as the paper questionnaire items wherever possible.
To construct a hospital standardised palliative ratio (HSPR), we used the same approach applied to building the HSMR.
We used standardised mean differences in some of the analyses as not all studies used the same outcome scale.
To standardise sample preparation, we quantitated the extracted DNA by spectrophotometry, adjusted the samples to the same concentration and used the same amount of template in each reaction.
To minimise the consequences of lack of assessor blinding, the same standardised marking schema and assessors were used for the practical examination in each block.
Currently all insulin assays are standardised using the same reference preparation but values obtained using different insulin assay kits may show significant bias.
30 degrees flexion of the knees was standardised by using the same wedge for all ultrasound assessments.
This compares with our estimates of A$14,900 US$11,1000) for primary prevention, A$18,200 US$13,5000) for secondary and A$28,800 US$21,4000) for tertiary prevention, using the same definitions (note that dollars are standardised to 2005 for our work but to 1993 for the Tengs et al[ 14] review).
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