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We used the mixed linear model (MLM) with control of structure (Q) and kinship (K) to avoid spurious associations (Yu et al. 2006).
We used the mixed linear approach (SAS, Procedure MIXED) with transgenic type (crop, F1 hybrid or first-generation backcross) as the fixed treatment effect, PPR as the covariate and block and treatment×block interaction as random effects.
We used the mixed linear approach (SAS, Procedure MIXED) with block and treatment x block interactions as random effects, to investigate whether the phenological and morphological traits which were found to favour hybridization of weedy mothers were transmitted to their offspring.
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(DOCX 2 MB) 12284_2013_50_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx Additional file 2: A list of selected markers that were significantly associated with the trait (by using the mixed linear model) has been provided as an additional file.
Association mapping was performed using the mixed linear model approach.
Each pathway SNP set was analysed in ASReml using the mixed linear model described above.
Mixed-effect regression analysis was implemented by using the mixed linear model procedure with restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation method.
The association analysis was calculated using the mixed linear model (MLM) method [ 76] incorporated into the TASSEL 3.0 software.
The SNP were analysed in ASReml [ 28] using the mixed linear model described above and the resulting null distribution was expressed as the proportion of significant SNP.
Associations between variation in carotenoid concentration and markers of each gene were calculated using the mixed linear model (MLM) [ 40] implemented in TASSEL version 3.0 [ 41].
Haplotypes and tag SNPs were predicted based on the estimated LD blocks according to the definition of Gabriel et al. Associations between genotypes and phenotypes were analysed using the mixed linear model (MLM) using the TASSEL program with the following parameters: MAF of ≥0.05.
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