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The gene finder Prodigal was used on DNA sequences of all genomes to eliminate biases in annotation quality and to standardize the genes found in all genomes [ 15].
Finally it should be noted that, while all other options are currently restricted to human, option 5 can be used on DNA sequences from any organism.
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The primers for each RGH also yielded a maximum of four different sequences when used on DNA from a single plant, which is the result expected for a highly heterozygous tetraploid if the gene amplified was single copy per haploid genome.
The program rlgs.pl, written in the programming language Perl, simulates this process using pattern matching on DNA sequences from genome databases.
Given synthetic biology's open-source ethic, critics cite the possibility of bioterror: the malicious use of DNA sequences posted on the Internet to engineer a new virus or more devastating biological weapons.
A minimum evolution method (1,000 bootstraps, Tamura-Nei 93 substitution model with rate variation among sites) as implemented in MEGA (Kumar et al. 2004) was used to construct a phylogeny based on DNA sequences of the TAS2R genes.
Phylogenetic tree reconstruction based on DNA sequences was performed using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method as implemented in the program Phyml [34] and using NNI and SPR branch swapping methods, or imposing different starting topologies to avoid local optima.
In addition, using Bayesian inference on DNA sequence data, Stukenbrock et al. (2007) have provided evidence that the divergence between M. graminicola and its congeners (sampled on noncultivated grasses in the Middle East) occurred approximately 10 500 years ago, coincident with the beginning of agriculture and the domestication of wild grasses in the Fertile Crescent.
was used for DNA sequencing.
To detect gene conversion events, phylogenetic trees were built using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods based on DNA sequences separately as described above.
On the other hand, the widely used standard methods based on DNA sequencing, i.e., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis are labour-, time-, and resource-demanding.
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