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While we categorized the former two sort rules as expert-like because of their conceptual nature, the latter rule was not because "observation" is a conceptually basic scientific concept (even though no novices used "observable" as a sort rule).
Moreover, since socio-demographic information is missing in such anonymous data, we used observable proxy indicators, including commuting distance and the characteristics of one's home and workplace stations, to capture some interpersonal heterogeneity.
Another group of researchers used observable outcomes directly, such as real damage and exposure data, to derive the indices.
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The used observables are the air shower size (N e ) measured by EAS-TOP and the muon number (N μ ) recorded by MACRO.
Latent class analysis, a form of cluster analysis, is particularly useful in the event that attempts at forming homogeneous groups using observable socio-economic characteristics fail [40].
The Treasury will use observable market prices for listed warrants and comparable securities where available.
The firm host regular "datathons," contests in which undergraduate and graduate students to be considered for artificial intelligence, technology, and data science roles have the chance to compete for a cash prize, while the company uses observable and measurable criteria to evaluate their performance.
The Markov process uses observable and hidden features of the components to estimate future states.
Still, even scientists, in Locke's view, are restricted to using observable (and mainly secondary) qualities to categorize things in nature.
Definition 3. The occlusion problem is finding the best overall assignment of fly identities in all unoccluded sequences using observable fly attributes.
22I use the term "nonexperimental" to refer to the broad range of regression and matching methods that use observable characteristics to control for differences in the quality of those receiving and not receiving the specified treatment.
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