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We used neck muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) as a measure of muscle size.
Kilgour et al. also looked at older subjects however they used neck muscle CSA as a measure of muscle bulk [ 27].
To avoid adverse reactions at the injection site due to frequent injection, three subcutaneous injection sites were used: neck, upper back and lower back.
By using these and NDI (the most often used neck disability measure) as secondary outcome measures, it is anticipated that patient-relevant changes in pain and disability can be evaluated.
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A scoping review of the scientific literature found the NDI to be the most commonly used neck-specific measure of disability [ 3] and a separate review of prognostic literature following whiplash injury also found that, amongst disability-centric rating scales, the NDI was the most commonly used tool to identify 'recovery' [ 4].
In the end the results indicate the optimal geometry of seat by using neck injury index and head injury index through single objective and multi-objective optimization processes.
We did not routinely use neck ultrasound during follow-up so we could have missed small lymph node metastases in these patients.
Qualitatively similar findings were subsequently observed in humans using neck suction/pressure [ 90].
Veno-arterial ECMO was initiated using neck cannulation in two children and through median sternotomy in four children.
Participants were assessed on pain intensity using a verbal rating scale (VRS) and visual analogue scale (VAS), pain-related disability using Neck Disability Index (NDI).
The localization of parathyroid glands was evaluated by using neck ultrasonography and parathyroid scintigraphy (termed Tc-99 m 2 methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile, 99mTc-MIBI).
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