China avoided a recession but is now left with a lot of half-finished or barely used infrastructure.
At the same time, concrete, three-quarters of which consists of aggregate, is one of the most widely used infrastructure materials, and it is being exhausted.
Regardless of the measure used, infrastructure is subject to congestion (Sánchez-Robles 1998) and makes it more complicated to measure any kind of infrastructure outcome.
That is what medical geneticists do, using infrastructures that include laboratories, databases, biobanks, and health information systems.
More worrying are the mining companies which allege they are blackmailed into using infrastructure outfits linked to the Katumbi family.
While major corporations are happy to use infrastructure, they contribute very little to its maintenance as long as they don't pay their full compliment of taxes.
There are at least three ways in which Nigeria and other African countries can use infrastructure investments to foster youth employment and skill development.
It's about "using infrastructure that's not being used for anything apart from looking nice", says Loudrop, who admits floating housing is "only part of the puzzle" when it comes to solving city housing crises.
Using Infrastructure-as-a-service means porting an application to the new environment.
The transmission cost using infrastructure network can be estimated as (2).
