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In addition to the substitution and interpolation, the prediction is also widely used in data estimation [41, 42].
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Pilots are reference signals known at the receiver which are used in data-aided estimations for synchronization or channel estimation purposes.
The resulting representation can be used in data compression and fractal dimension estimation of temporal signals and images.
This is an iterative process in which missing data for a variable are estimated using its imputation model and, in turn, these data are used in the estimation of missing data for other variables.
While the modeling strategy utilized does not account for the degrees of freedom used in estimating the dispersion parameter, thousands of data points are used in this estimation, so the estimate should be very stable and precise [ 14].
An overview of the data used in the estimation is shown in Figure 2. To make the results comparable with estimates provided in previous studies [ 5, 12- 15], all cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – a noninvasive form of breast tumor ��� were included.
In the majority of cases the yield data used in the estimation is from the last working day of the month.
The years of data used in the estimation ranged from 1996 to 2010.
A binary logistic multi-level model is used in the estimation of data from a survey of 1071 young people aged 18 23 years, undertaken between June and July 2013, in the urban slums of Blantyre, Malawi.
Comparable studies carried out with static vegetation models (i.e. models for directly estimating the PNV-type) and independent data (i.e. data not used in parameter estimation) show slightly better results.
3 It is difficult to use data prior to 1978 because of the absence of education information, used in the estimation of wage equations, and data beyond 1992 does not contain appropriate information about housing costs to deal with changes in the local tax system that occurred at this time.
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