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For heads of state we used GDP, while for CEOs, we looked at a composite ranking of market capitalization, profits, assets and revenues as reflected on our annual ranking of the World's 2000 Largest Companies.
To assess the level of development of African countries, world development indicators available on the World Bank website will be used (GDP, mortality rate of children under five years old, fertility rate and proportion of rural population).
The study used GDP per capita as a general descriptor for the state of the economy.
Thus, depending on the respiratory substrate used, GDP can either inhibit (pyruvate/malate) or activate (succinate) the thermogenic activity of BAT mitochondria.
They used GDP to test for active, folded UCP2, but inhibition by GDP is not specific for UCP2 because it also inhibits uncoupling through ANT (Parker et al., 2008).
Chakma et al. [ 4] chose current exchange rates for their main tables; we followed the recommendation of the Frascati manual and used GDP PPPs (as Chakma et al. did in a pie-chart in the online annex to their paper [ 4]).
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In Nature, Robert Costanza and colleagues recently wrote that "if a business used GDP-style accounting, it would aim to maximize gross revenue – even at the expense of profitability, efficiency, sustainability or flexibility," and suggested alternatives, like adjusting economic measures to reflect social and environmental factors.
We used GDP-FucAz as a metabolic substrate to determine the onset and extent of fucose labeling during early development.
Finally, costs were converted to 2000 US dollars using GDP deflators and official exchange rates [ 60].
To facilitate comparisons all cost estimates were converted to US dollars in price year 2007 by first using GDP deflators and then Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) as suggested by the Campbell & Cochrane Economics Methods Group [ 9].
Yet, Ray Fair's model also uses GDP and that has Obama a slight underdog.
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