Sentence examples for used for imputing from inspiring English sources
Imputation quality was influenced by reference panels, and the same reference panel showed different imputation quality when used for imputing different genotype panels.
Before whole-genome sequencing data had been available, the technique of imputation has already been used for imputing from low to high density SNP array data with high accuracy and thus has proven to be a successful line of action (e.g. in cattle [ 24]) to obtain higher marker densities for a large number of individuals.
Multiple imputation methods [ 28] will be used for imputing any missing information regarding outcome measures.
Multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) is commonly used for imputing missing data in epidemiologic research.
To produce matrices at the zonal level, ETISplus made a synthetic split using GDP and population data, so that to some degree estimating a trade model at this level is remodelling the model used for imputing the trade flow data.
Last observation carried forward was used for imputing missing data.
GWAS stage (stage 1) analyses were conducted primarily by using PLINK program version 1.06 [ 20] for directly genotyped SNPs, and the MACH2dat program [ 17, 18] was used for imputed SNPs.
In this process the few heterozygous loci were set to missing during data encoding and did not enter into the algorithm, since their genotypes could not be imputed nor used for imputation.
In the work of Kumar et al., the genotypic data were obtained with the 8K SNP array for all individuals under study, so imputation was used only for imputing sporadic missing data and not for a high amount of genotypic data as done in the present study.
When using it for imputing binary variables, the imputed values can be any real values.
To further test the potential of using 800K for imputing even higher density genotypes (e.g. up to 3 million or whole genome sequence) we tested accuracy of imputing every 10th SNP and 100th SNP by masking these SNP genotypes in 50% of the 825 cows genotyped with 800K using BTA20 as an example.
