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A mobile phase composed of acetonitrile 0.2 M tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate pH 6.5 0.2 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid pH 6.5 water (20:20:20:40; v/v/v/v) was used at a flow rate of 1 ml/min.
The polar ionic mobile phase (PIM) consisting of methanol glacial acetic acid triethylamine (100 0.015:0.010, v/v/v) has been used at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min.
In this work, Ar was used at a flow rate of about 1.5 L per hour to purge the sample.
Solvents A (0.1% formic acid in water) and B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) were used at a flow rate of 500 μL/min.
Sheath gas and auxiliary gas (N2) were used at a flow rate of 35 and 10 arbitrary units, respectively, and collision gas (Ar) pressure of 1.5 mTorr.
The eluent, 5 mmol/L H2SO4, was used at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min using a refractive index detector.
A step gradient of 20, 40, 60 and 80 % MeOH in water (v/v), each 700 mL, has been used at a flow rate of 20 mL/min.
For naphthalene, a gradient from 20 to 80% acetonitrile (0-5 min; 20%; 5-20 min; 20-80%) in 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 2.8) was used at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1.
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Droplets containing little solvent or almost dry particles can be deposited when a low-boiling point solvent is used at a slow flow rate.
Microdialysis pumps (CMA 106 CMA Microdialysis ABB, Solna, Sweden) were used at a constant flow rate of 0.3 μl/min.
A Thermo Scientific Hypersil C18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.9 μm) column was used at a constant flow rate of 300 μL min−1.
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