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The study used arrest records as a proxy for convictions.
"In the US we probably used arrest practices too extensively in the 80s and 90s.
The Muslim Brotherhood kept Washington at bay by buying it off with the same old currency that Mubarak used: Arrest the worst Jihadi terrorists on America's most-wanted list and don't hassle Israel – and the Americans will let you do whatever you want to your own people.
We have necessarily used arrest, not conviction, as our measure of criminal activity.
The activist said police used arrest warrants for two men who no longer lived there as pretext for the raid.
Because of the danger of underreporting by men reluctant to admit their prostitution-related activities, other researchers have used arrest data to extrapolate out the number of men frequenting prostitutes.
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For decades, cops used arrests for loitering to target homeless people for behavior that was later found to be completely legal.
In its guidance, the commission warns employers not to use arrest records at all in hiring decisions.
A neighborhood policing program has been trialled in 25 precincts, and no longer uses arrest rates as a method of evaluation for officers.
However, a system built to predict deviancy, which uses arrest data as a main factor in determination, is not only likely to lead to police involvement — it is intended to do so.
Using arrest as an example, it wasn't until laws were passed in the 1990's and early 2000's mandating arrest of DV suspects that police officers and police agencies began to do what they weren't doing optionally.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com