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For determination of copy number at 20p primers from microsatellite loci on 20p were used and normalised relative to D5S643.
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The yield of DNA was measured using picogreen and normalised to 50 ng/μl before genotyping.
To ensure that the PCR products from each sample were comparable the PCRs were halted during the exponential amplification phase and product signal intensities were arbitrarily quantified using densitometry and normalised against the 18S endogenous control.
Biomarker signals were quantified using Genetools software and normalised to vinculin used as a loading control.
The qPCR results were analysed using SDS v2.4 software and normalised using SNORD48 as the reference control which was selected by testing a panel of four controls for stable expression within the whole blood and PBMCs.
Gene expression levels were calculated using the ΔΔCt method and normalised using the geometric mean of the expression levels of two reference genes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; Bogacka et al. 2006) and β-actin (ACTB; Staszkiewicz et al. 2007).
LucR and LucF activities were quantified using a luminometer and normalised per milligram of muscle (Fig. 1B and 1C).
The product band intensity was estimated using Image J software (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/) and normalised using GAPDH.
For analysis and design purposes, the plant model has been discretised using Backward-Euler rule and normalised in p.u. using the nominal voltage (V_{N}) and power (S_{N}) in Table 1, as base magnitudes.
The relative expression of the gene of interest in each sample was calculated by the Rotor-Gene software using the concentration-Ct-standard curve method and normalised using the average expression of Gapdh for each sample.
Raw data files were imported into Affymetrixs miRNA QCTool and normalised using the quantiles normalisation and median Polish summarisation following a background correction, which corrects for the GC content of each particular probe.
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