Furthermore, combined with the vision motion constraint and a multicopter dynamic model, the metric velocity is estimated using a standard Linear Kalman Filter (LKF).
To determine the viscoelastic properties of zonal chondrocytes, unconfined creep compression experiments were performed and the resulting creep curves of individual cells were fit using a standard linear viscoelastic solid model.
In this model, the adhesive layer is simulated as a three-parameter viscoelastic foundation using a standard linear solid (SLS) model to account for both creep and relaxation behaviors in the adhesive.
Then, the source matrix is estimated using a standard linear programming algorithm.
By contrast, since performance is often measured using a continuous variable (e.g., Tobin's q, return on equity), Model (2) can typically be estimated using a standard linear model.
Using a standard linear regression, in this study we estimate L /C and and then determine several fault parameters, including the source duration (i.e., ), rupture length, rupture velocity, and rupture azimuth.
According to LeSage and Pace ([2009]), the spatial effects can be modelled using a standard linear regression model: y i = ρ W i y i + X n β + u. u = λ W i u + ε.
For both the Nundle and Green Hills study areas, a 1 m spatial resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was constructed from the ground point data using a standard linear triangulation surface modelling technique in Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI 4.7) software (Research Systems Inc., USA).
These were analysed using a standard linear model implemented in R, with SNP coded as the expected minor allele count.
