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Erythema score Two studies (Satriano 1987; Shuttleworth 1998) compared ketoconazole versus placebo and used a continuous outcome measure.
Of these, 68 reviews included a meta-analysis of at least three studies of PT interventions and used a continuous outcome.
Secondly, we used a continuous outcome analysis to compare the variables "maximum difference in arm circumference between two adjacent locations" and "change in volume ratio".
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Another way to reduce sample size requirements in rare disease studies is through selection of the outcome measure using a continuous outcome variable, a surrogate marker, a composite endpoint, or repeated measure outcome.
By using a so-called hybrid approach, the concept of risk can be used for a continuous outcome (effect variable).
Sample size (n); standard error (SE); probability function (p); 95% confidence interval (CIa) when pigs' log IRPC (+12) values were used as a continuous outcome variable; Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CIb) when pig-level seropositivity (absence/presence of antibodies) was used as a comparative binary outcome variable (exp(coefficient+/- 1.96 × standard error))).
Gestational age is used as a continuous outcome in the AFT model.
The natural logarithm of this score was used as a continuous outcome to normalize its distribution [ 21, 22].
CMV-specific IgG optical density was reported [measured in arbitrary units (AU) per milliliter] and used as a continuous outcome variable.
Achilles tendon thickness (ATT) was used as a continuous outcome variable in two studies that each had a high and a low lipid group, 35 37 however one of these investigated men and women separately and so the two could not be compared against each other.
We also used a continuous metabolic risk score as an outcome variable to increase statistical power to detect true associations.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com