The low-Q microcavities used were characterized using micro-reflectance spectroscopy where the source was the enhanced blue output from a photonic crystal fibre.
The polymerization of ε-caprolactone, performed in bulk at 110 °C using Sn(Oct 2, was characterized using 1H NMR and SEC.
The diversity of 16S rRNA genes, commonly used as an evolution marker, was characterized using PCR-RFLP.
Spatial variability in soil potassium (K) measured using airborne radiometric survey was characterized using the curvelet transform and is presented as a case study.
A novel hetero-junction anode composed of NiWO4/WO3, formed at various metal molar ratios (Ni/W) and fabricated hydrothermally via simple salt solution addition method using polyethylene glycol, was characterized using XRD, TEM-SAED, N2 sorptiometry, UV Vis diffuse reflectance and FTIR spectrometry.
The quality of the jet-bed interaction associated with each experiment was characterized using a conductive probe method, which uses the measured electrical conductance of the bed.
The land surface was characterized using supervised classification and spectral indices, using the Landsat 8 optical bands (2 7), and the LST was retrieved from Landsat's thermal band 10 after emissivity calibration.
Use of these areas was characterized using a utilization distribution (UD) of the number of positions per grid cell.
The exon III repeat region of the DRD4 receptor was characterized using PCR amplification procedure (using a Reddy Mix kit, AB gene, Surrey UK) with the following primers: F5'-TTCCTACCCTGCCCGCTCATGCTGCTGCTCATCTGG-3'-ACCACCACCGGCAGGACCCTCATGGCCTTGCGCTC-3CTC-3'.
Use of coumaphos was characterized using three different exposure metrics: ever/never use of the chemical, lifetime exposure days, and intensity-weighted lifetime exposure days.
