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For Aeff, it is reasonable to use the total area obtained from the sum of + and − orders as illustrated in Figure 9.17.
The resolution of the backscattered electron imaging (the pixel size was limited to be 17 × 17 nm and the voxel size 17 × 17 × 100 nm) is not sufficient to resolve single QD particles within dense agglomerates, and so we use the total area of QD clusters as the metric for quantification.
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The bioavailability was compared using the total area under the plasma level versus time curve (AUC0 34, AUC0 ∞), peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax (Tmax).
The burning velocity of premixed methane-air flames stabilized on a Mache-Hebra nozzle burner is determined using the total area method from a schlieren image of the flame.
Figure 7 is calculated for each category and then normalised using the total area of all the categories.
By using the total area of the starspot group A spot∼L 2, the energy released by a flare can be written as: E_{text{flare}} sim f E_{text{mag}} sim frac{f B^{2} A_{text{spot}}^{3/2}}{8pi}, (5).
QALYs were calculated using the total area under the curve approach, with linear interpolation between assessment points and baseline adjustment for comparisons.
The coinciding area of the images of each patient's head and the shadow produced by the ACC were measured, and the percent reduction was determined using the total area of the patient's head on the images.
Utility weights for each measure [ 16, 17] were attached to health states at baseline and one year to calculate QALYs using the total area under the curve approach with linear interpolation between assessment points (and baseline adjustment for comparisons) [ 18].
Habitat colonization and abandonment affects the distribution of a species in space and time, ultimately influencing the duration of time habitat is used and the total area of habitat occupied in any given year.
Hence, the usefulness of O1s peaks is on the use of the total area, for balancing all the oxygenated species there contributing, as said above.
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