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For example, we may want to use the measured values x t) of a pollution level in a lake at different moments of time to estimate the average pollution level; however, we do not know the exact values x t)—e.g., if one of the measurement results is 0, this simply means that the actual (unknown) value of x t) can be anywhere between 0 and the detection limit (DL).
Finally, we now discuss how we can use the measured values of complex permittivity ε to calculate the heating efficiency in the raw heavy oils, initially without additives, in a suitable microwave actuator.
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Thus, the degree to which an atom is distorted by an electric field is often a significant factor in its behaviour, and the investigator dealing with the properties of assemblies of atoms may prefer to use the measured value rather than the atomic theorist's calculation of what it should be.
It is very useful in providing the wind speed at higher heights using the measured values of the previous height.
As expected using the measured values results in more accurate predictions.
Studies done on isotopes that come from radioactive decay, such as those used in determining the ages of rocks, encounter this problem, but it is correctable using the measured values of the isotopes that are not radiogenic.
We also calculated the surface free energy of PP film by using the measured values of contact angles.
These universal Strouhal numbers were calculated using the measured values of vortex frequencies, surface pressure distributions and drags.
A new correlation has been generated using the measured values in Japan and in India by eliminating the assumed and extrapolated data.
Using the measured values, the robot direction controller generates control commands through an optimal regulator and a state observer with a Kalman filter.
The axial compression strength of carbon fibers was calculated based on the equation proposed in a previous study using the measured values of the microvoid length.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com