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Another alternative is to use the latent variable approach, where the latent variable would reflect the disease state and amount of target throughout the body (rather than the target in circulation).
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Using the latent variable modeling approach with PLDA, H0 and H1 correspond to the models as shown in Figure 3.
Finally, we derived the SEM equations and implemented these in the statistical software R using the latent variable analysis (lavaan) package.
Using the latent variable formulation, we can define a latent variable Z i * that is related to Z i via the following equation: Z i = 1 if Z i * > 0, 0 otherwise.
ICC was calculated using the latent variable method.
When the external variables are unmeasured or imprecise, we are interested in using the latent variable basis, L, to discover genes of interest (Fig. 1).
A related paper [ 8] uses the latent variable modeling based on the hierarchical Bayes approach to incorporate the dependence between the observations.
The variance partition coefficient for each level of the model (i.e., fledgling, clutch, and breeding pair) was estimated using the latent variable technique [ 13].
Variance partition coefficients (VPCs) were estimated from the variance components of the final model including both fixed and random effects using the latent variable technique [ 15].
Partial least squares (PLS) regression is a powerful regression technique that uses the latent variable approach to find the fundamental relations between two matrices (X and Y) [ 21– 23].
Multi-level models yielded similar ORs and CIs as GEE models, and low intraclass correlations (PTB 0.0048, SGA birth 0.0032 – calculated using the latent variable method [ 41]).
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