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In general, we found that we can use the HVSR method to determine the subsurface structure of the Kathmandu Valley.
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Rong et al. (2016) used the HVSR method to investigate the nonlinear site response at 21 strong-motion stations.
The theoretical H/V ratio was calculated using the HVSR method and adjusted 1-D velocity model.
Fig. 3 Site responses calculated using the HVSR method for 16 strong-motion stations with PGA > 200 cm/s2 under strong and weak motion during the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake sequence.
For example, using the HVSR method together with the short-term Fourier transform, Xu (2010) identified clear soil nonlinearity for sites that recorded peak ground acceleration (PGA) >200 cm/s2.
We prepared the initial 1-D velocity models using the geological cross-sections, as we did for the permanent stations, and then used the HVSR method to adjust them.
The site responses of the 33 stations in the frequency range of 0.5 20.0 Hz were calculated individually using the HVSR method for strong and weak motions, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Multiple HVSR curves produced a geometric mean, which was used to determine the site response under weak motions, while only one curve was available for strong motions.
Wen et al. (2006) used the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method to analyze the Large-Scale Seismic Test (LSST) array in Lotung, Taiwan, and found that the HVSR method can be used to identify nonlinear site responses.
The HVSR method has been used to generate a 1-D velocity structure in Tohoku, Japan (Nagashima et al. 2014), confirming that the method could be employed to estimate the 1-D structure at our study sites.
The HVSR method has also been used to evaluate the nonlinearity of the site response of the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake.
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