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More complicated designs with two factors (e.g., treatment group and time) such as the Latin square, use random permutations of rows and columns to maintain the balance.
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To control for this, the data were re-analysed 999 times using random permutations of the patient outcome labels to generate true (permuted) P-values for each gene set.
The decoy sequences are generated using random permutations of the original peptide sequence.
Next, 10 bootstrap replicates of the slope parameter are computed using random permutations of the observed rates at those trials.
The occurrence of this pattern was tested using random permutations of allele sizes among allelic states [ 29].
The number of genes/exons/introns expected to have a given rank product by chance was estimated using random permutations of the rank lists.
The final best match for each predicted matrix was selected from these by using random permutations of each MEME matrix to estimate statistical significance (see below).
This is due to the fact that the method uses random permutations of the phenotypic status of the subjects in the sample to assess the significance of the enrichment score.
When the reference and test datasets are based on different microarray platforms (cDNA vs Affymetrix), the p-values were instead computed using random permutations of probes on the reference arrays.
Using random permutations of sorghum genes, it was determined that in intervals of at least 40 genes, the average number of best BLAST hits from maize genes per sorghum gene was between 1.175 and 4.025 genes 95% of the time (see Materials and Methods).
For each dataset, the approach was repeated 1,000 times using random permutations of the pathprint pathways with the same number of member pathways as the SRAS set to produce a background distribution of P-values against which to compare the SRAS result.
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