Studies with this probe required the use of the invasive cranial window technique to perform in vivo fluorescence imaging, which is impractical for clinical diagnosis.
PMMA prosthesis manufacturing by hand has been used since 1970 using various processes [1, 16 18], but these methods have been overtaken by computer assisted design and manufacturing techniques (CAD/CAM) which consist on using images of the cranial defect and manufacturing the PMMA prostheses with a 3D printer [19 25].
Our results confirm the use of artificial cranial modification at the site, making Boisman 2 one of the earliest – if not the earliest – documented example of the practice in Holocene East Asia; however, our metric analysis identified only six crania as modified, instead of the 11 previously identified through visual assessment.
Some authors found that cancellous allografts are too weak to support ring revisions [ 47, 51], therefore a structured allograft should be used for reconstruction of the cranial acetabular margin [ 11, 18, 28, 44, 52, 58].
Since the effect on tumor vasculature from radiotherapy is a late phenomenon, we do not think that the use of routine cranial radiation to reduce the chance of brain hemorrhage is appropriate.
Repairing critical human skull injuries requires the production and use of customized cranial implants and involves the integration of computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM).
In pentobarbital-anesthetized, mechanically ventilated Sprague Dawley rats, we measured pial vessel diameters with the use of a cranial window preparation.
The positive outcome in LD seems to be multifactorial, with better staging, platinum-based chemotherapy and the use of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) all exerting an effect.
This observation has led to the use of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with stage III NSCLC treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and curative surgery, a strategy that has significantly reduced the risk of CNS metastases (18.0 vs 7.7%, unadjusted odds ratio=2.52, P=0.004).
The use of cranial CT as well as the number of patients admitted to the ICU was significantly higher in developed countries, but the overall mortality rate did not differ significantly [19].
Two different techniques are used: external decompression (removal of the cranial vault and duraplasty) or internal decompression (removal of nonviable, infarcted tissue [that is, in the case of malignant MCA infarction, temporal lobectomy]).
