The logistic regression model was used to assess the independence of specific outcome parameters.
There is a rapidly growing body of research concerning educational practices used to teach and facilitate knowledge and skills in EBP, hence the consensus papers concerning what should be taught in EBP (Sicily 1) and the development of specific outcome instruments for use in assessing EBP foundation knowledge, skills, behaviours and attitudes (Sicily 2).
Recommendations included guidelines for the type of device used for specific outcome measures, monitor wear, calibration and sensitivity monitoring, data collection, data filtering and the handling of missing or incomplete data [ 6].
In contrast, humans and animals can use environmental cues to predict the likelihood of specific outcomes (Balleine, 2005; Balleine et al., 2009; Dayan and Balleine, 2002; d'Acremont et al., 2013; Fletcher et al., 2007; Gläscher et al., 2010; Griffiths, 2007).
They received the baseline survey with more detailed questions about their treatment setting (including degree of specialisation in the treatment of mood disorders, composition of treatment staff, education on bipolar disorder of health care providers, and use of disorder-specific outcome measurements), and the number of patients potentially eligible for the study.
This contrasts with some other chronic diseases where the use of specific patient-centred outcome measures has been incorporated into guidelines and care pathways.
Under these circumstances the use of disease-specific outcome measures to assess the impact of health interventions on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) may be inappropriate as comorbidities may be ignored and/confound results.
While hospital surveillance systems already exist for detecting outbreaks of respiratory viruses [ 14- 16], few focus on the actual burden of serious influenza cases using the specific outcome of laboratory-confirmed influenza; instead, the burden is most often estimated from hospital databases using criteria prone to various biases [ 13, 17].
Among CEA studies (i.e. studies using intermediate measures or natural units such as deaths prevented or cases detected as the primary outcome measure), the majority of studies used disease specific outcome measures such as mortality rates, number of patients detected or number of complications, and none generic measures such as "life years gained/saved".
