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Since a complex entity's actual performance generally represents multifaceted phenomena, the use of single measures in gap analysis explicitly ignores all interactions, substitutions, and tradeoffs between the various performance measures.
In fact, we argue that the rather confusing patterns reported in the literature are due to the use of single measures of sperm length, and that accounting for the balance between drag from the head and thrust from the flagellum will allow us to extend our understanding of the link between sperm form and function.
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The performance of evaluation measures can be improved using a combination of single measures.
When advocating the use of single item measures, validation activities need to provide evidence that the proposed item is the dominant cause or effect of the measurement construct and that the addition of other candidate items will not significantly improve measurement precision.
Whilst some studies have shown that individuals are consistent in their response between different tests [ 17, 19, 21], consistency over time within individuals has been more difficult to attain [ 18, 25], although use of single behaviour measures (as opposed to combined forms [traits]) has been more successful in this respect [ 26- 28].
If anything, our use of a single measure of childhood SEP may have led to an underestimation of the association between childhood SEP and adult health.
There are some limitations of our study mainly related to loss to follow-up, use of a single measure of 25(OH D and unknown 25(OH D status prior to baseline assessments.
Similar to other diagnostic tests, the use of a single measure of HbA1c for diagnosing diabetes might lead to some degree of misclassification.
Limitations on the present study include the use of a single measure of parental report, a limited age range, and a lack of power associated with the small sample size for complex model fitting.
The use of a single measure of social engagement at baseline is a limitation in both studies.
Our use of a single measure of relative risk reduction for each age and gender specific intervention simplifies the reality, where the risk reduction and subsequent cost-effectiveness ratio can differ depending on the socio-economic context of the screening subgroups [ 88].
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