Manufacturers, the main drivers of growth in an economy heavily dependent on exports, are aggressively cutting costs, including the use of mass layoffs, a phenomenon hardly seen in Japan until very recently.
The city may use the threat of layoffs to try to get the unions to accept smaller raises.
Traditionally, governors have used the threat of layoffs to convince unions to reopen their salary contracts.
Mayors, most recently Rudolph W. Giuliani, have used the threat of layoffs to win concessions from labor unions.
Advocates of tighter gun laws are unsympathetic, accusing Remington and others of using the threat of layoffs to give themselves leverage against state lawmakers.
He told the unions how much money he needed to save and allowed the negotiators for both sides to determine the shape of the cuts, using the threat of layoffs to make sure an agreement was reached.
In this model, the reason for using the threat of layoffs does not stem from imperfect monitoring, but should instead be understood as the firm's strategy when both incentive tools – threat of performance-based layoffs and performance-based pay – are available.
3 Thus, a higher value of p1 does not lead the firm (or others) to expect a higher value of p2. 4 Note that, because the firm can observe workers' performance and thus base wages on performance, the motivation for using the threat of layoffs as an incentive tool is different from the typical efficiency wage model.
This encourages firms to use reductions of hours instead of layoffs.
Money is scarce, and everywhere there's talk of service cuts, higher fares, layoffs, use of reserve revenues and curtailing planned expansion, according to Robert Puentes, a mass-transit expert at the Brookings Institution.
