In contrast with external validity, the use of graduate and undergraduate students instead of industry practitioners allowed us to obtain a good sample (87 subjects) to support the validity of the results.
Another viable option could be the use of graduate teaching assistants in lecture courses.
And one of the main drivers of high graduate enrollments in chemistry is the use of graduate students to teach large undergraduate classes.
"Employers have been slow to take up the swathes of better-qualified workers, but now they are starting to wake up to the use of graduate labour".
"If NSF really wants to learn the best way to improve science education and communication skills through the use of graduate fellows in the classroom, it would be helpful to have common benchmarks [for measuring success]," says Scowcroft, who will work with an outside evaluator assigned by NSF.
Use of graduate students and postdocs as cheap labor: Junior scientists are primarily treated as cheap labor rather than as participants in a well-rounded training program that prepares participants for a range of clearly identified career options.
While definitions of advanced nursing practice vary internationally, in Canada it is an umbrella term used for an "advanced level of clinical nursing practice that maximizes the use of graduate educational preparation, in-depth nursing knowledge and expertise in meeting the health needs of individuals, families, groups, communities and populations" (p41) [ 5].
Use of graduated compression stockings providing an ankle pressure of 40 mm Hg for 2 years has been compared with no mechanical support and shown to reduce the incidence of total and severe PTS by approximately 50% (Brandjes et al, 1997).
The biomedical research enterprise in the US has become unsustainable and urgent action is needed to address a variety of problems, including a lack of innovation, an over-reliance on soft money for faculty salaries, the use of graduate students as a source of cheap labour, and a 'holding tank' full of talented postdocs with limited career opportunities.
It is, for example, talking to MMI, a biotechnology company based in Cambridge, about setting up a biotechnology and nanotechnology research facility at Livingston that would make use of Scottish graduates and university medical research, and might eventually employ 500 people.
