Two types of measurement techniques are commonly used in electrical methods for macroscale range- variable capacitance type and variable conductance type.
Such composites will result in more compact, lighter and cheaper electronics with higher performance, by avoiding the use of electrical fans, heat sinks and other methods of heat dissipation.
The value of other stimulation methods like the use of electrical stimuli is discussed controversially and often needs a special device with increasing costs [ 68].
A strain analysis technique is described, which combines the use of electrical strain gauges with a semiautomated grid method (using digital image processing) for measuring and monitoring the strain and crack width profile over the depth of a fibre-reinforced beam during a flexural test.
In addition, the hydraulic parameters of the formation may be estimated using electrical methods (Purvance and Andricevic 2000a, b).
Recently, Kiran et al. [3] identified the presence of TiN x in TiN films using optical and electrical methods.
Extreme care was employed to prevent electrical shock with the use of electrical isolation and earthing.
We briefly introduce the techniques as follows: Young et al. [ 7] proposed using electrical method to measure the impedances stemming from the degree of close texture in tissues.
Underwood and Guth (1998) stated that perched water is able to supplement the groundwater supply and that the search for it led to the innovative use of the electrical resistivity method.
Conservative analgesic therapy usually comprises a variety of strategies, such as medication, acupuncture, kinesiotherapy, manual and behavioral therapy, multidisciplinary approaches and the use of physical methods such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) [ 8, 9].
