Using animal toxicity data, calculations of benchmark dose levels (BMDLs) have been carried out for a 10% deviation relative to control values (i.e., a Benchmark Response or BMR of 10%); they resulted in serum concentrations of 23 mg/L and 35 mg/L for PFOA and PFOS, respectively [ 9- 11].
Regulatory agencies have increasingly relied upon calculation of benchmark dose levels from dose-effect relationship.
The analysis, which made use of the benchmark dose approach as an alternative to the traditional no-observed-adverse effect-level (NOAEL) approach, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, and Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, was designed to provide information on the distribution of acceptable ingestion rates across the population, rather than a single point estimate.
In general, BMDLs are used as the statistical lower confidence limits of benchmark doses to derive "safe" exposure levels [ 30].
This design enables dose response analysis and calculation of benchmark doses (BMDL).
In all of these models, clear separation is maintained between a) estimation in the range of observation (e.g., the derivation of a human POD using benchmark dose modeling and probabilistic cross-species, route, or duration adjustments) and b) extrapolation to low doses.
EFSA used a benchmark dose approach and the human equivalent dose to derive the temporary TDI of 4 µg kg−1 body weight (bw) day 1.
We used results from benchmark dose modeling approaches recently adopted for use in developing RfDs/RfCs to estimate the risk levels associated with exposures at the RfD/RfC.
If more dose groups are used, then the benchmark dose approach might be preferred because of the possible reduction in the number of animals per dose group.
To further elucidate the potential respiratory risks associated with airborne acrolein, we used benchmark dose modeling (BMD) to estimate the probability of respiratory effects at ambient concentrations of acrolein.
