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The use of a crossover design in a small study population helped us to prevent overestimation of the benefits of the therapy being tested [ 39], making it likely that our results reflect a conservative assessment of the benefits of EA.
Design: With use of a crossover design, we randomly assigned infants to a supine/prone or prone/supine position sequence.
Both the FDA and EMA recommend the use of a crossover study design (FDA/CDER 2003; EMA 2010), with the EMA specifying a randomized, two-period, two-sequence, single-dose design.
The use of a crossover design, in this study, increased power as patients acted as their own controls.
Use of a crossover study design would help to address this concern by better accounting for intra-individual variation between days and weeks of the trial.
A particular strength of our study is the use of a crossover design, which minimizes the impact of confounding covariates while requiring fewer patients to achieve the same precision as a parallel-group trial [ 53, 54].
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Afterwards, iteratively, GA obtains new generations of feasible individuals, thanks to the use of a specific crossover operator, based in the exchange of whole work weeks, that operates together with a repair function.
Lastly, the use of a randomized crossover study design allowed for each subject to act as their own control thereby reducing within-subject covariates.
We designed a study to further evaluate acid-suppressive drug use during pregnancy and development of childhood asthma in the offspring where the potential for confounding bias was limited through the use of a bidirectional crossover design.
In 2003, Nuttin et al. improved on the assessment procedure and made use of a blinded crossover design with alternating stimulation on/off-periods of 3 months with four OCD patients.
There might still remain some residual confounding by time-varying variables; this is unlikely, however, given our use of a case-crossover design [ 33, 34].
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