Genomic DNA was extracted with the use of the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and sodium bisulfite conversion was performed with the use of the EZ DNA Methylation Kit (Zymo Research Corporation, Orange, CA).
Genotypes of mice were determined from DNA isolated by ear punch with the use of DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA).
The first approach was to use the DNeasy tissue kit according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).
We extracted genomic DNA from the thorax of adults/pupae using a DNeasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN) and genotyped the bees at the following microsatellite loci: Leu-A22, Leu-A52, Leu-A73, Leu-B34, Leu-B60, and Leu-B72 following standard protocols [18].
DNA was isolated from a second loopful of material using the DNeasy tissue kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA).
DNA extractions were made from one-third of the thorax of each individual using the DNeasy tissue Kit (QIAGEN), following the manufacturers' protocol.
DNA was extracted from the leg of mouse foetuses, using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen).
Genomic DNA was isolated from overnight cultures of the mutants using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA).
Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from 25 mg of muscle tissue using a DNeasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN Inc ., following the manufacturer's suggested protocol.
Total genomic DNA was extracted from muscle tissue of each specimen using a DNeasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
