Small sample amounts are often used in analytical experiments, resulting in fractions of volatile oils too low to be effectively separated.
While straightforward interrogation of water-in-oil droplets by fluorescence microscopy or on microfluidic chips equipped with fluorescence detection allows their use in analytical applications, directed evolution experiments depend on the ability to sort positive droplets from the more numerous negative population.
Thus, we are not excluding proteins in our analytical experiments.
All chemicals used in the experiments were analytical grade reference standard compounds.
The laboratory reagent (LR) grade chemicals were used in the experiments and analytical (AR) grade chemicals were used for analysis.
Isooctane was HPLC grade, and the other chemicals and solvents used in the experiments were analytical grade.
All chemicals used in the experiments were analytical grade and purchased from Sigma Aldrich without further purification.
Ordinarily, all materials used in the experiments were analytical grade and supplied by Merck (Dortmund, Germany) except Acetaminophen codeine (325 mg) and Bismuth (200 mg) bought from local pharmacy.
All chemicals and solvents, i.e., methanol, carbon tetrachloride, n-hexane, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and other reagents, used in these experiments were analytical grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and vincristine sulfate (VS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
Water used in all experiments and analytical procedures was deionized and doubly distilled in glass, the second distillation being from dilute potassium permanganate solution.
