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The same complex may apply not just to secreted proteins, but also to ones intended for internal use by the cell, which are folded in the cytoplasm.
In nature, nitrogen is frequently found in inaccessible forms that require conversion before use by the cell.
When iron levels in the cell are low, ferritin is degraded allowing the release of iron for use by the cell.
Interestingly, all three organelles have in common the ability to create and store reduced molecules for later use by the cell.
Under iron deficient conditions, despite continued autophagic turnover, the apparent lack of HERC2 action on NCOA4 leads to a net increase in NCOA4 protein level thereby promoting ferritinophagy to release iron from ferritin for use by the cell.
Therefore, to enhance the use by the cell of the HR pathway, additional genetic manipulations often are employed such as use of the DNA ligase IV mutant or RNAi to suppress the NHEJ major repair pathway (Bozas et al. 2009, Maruyama et al. 2015, Chu et al. 2015).
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Epigenetic marks Molecules attached to DNA that can determine whether genes are active and used by the cell.
Both are chemicals called nucleic acids, but DNA is longer and more stable and is used by the cell for the archival function of storing genetic information.
This RNA could be used by the cell's internal machinery (as natural RNA is) to synthesise a useful protein.
Mr. Borroni-Bird and other experts see an evolutionary path toward fuel cells in which first gasoline and ethanol are used in a reforming process to produce hydrogen, which is then used by the cell to produce electricity that powers the car.
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are a fast and versatility mechanism used by the cell to regulate the function of proteins in response to changing conditions.
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