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First, a major limitation is that we use that we use administrative data, and do not have access to laboratory, radiographic or medication data.
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This result holds both for achievement measured using administrative data, and for outcomes (such as performance on standardized exams) that the researchers themselves measured.
Emigration rates are calculated using administrative data and capture the cross-national variation in institutional arrangements, price levels, etc. that underlie the aggregate costs and benefits of emigration for individuals from each specific origin country.
In the first phase of the CMS initiative, risk-standardized measures of 30-day mortality for acute myocardial infarction [11] and heart failure [12] were developed using administrative data and were demonstrated to have properties suitable for public reporting [13].
Secondly, we used administrative data and were therefore limited in our choice of control variables.
Of these, 21 (78%) used retrospective survey data, five (19%) used administrative data, and one employed prospective primary data collection.
Distinguishing these groups is not possible using administrative data and requires more in-depth case-note reviews or qualitative studies.
The major limitation to our study is that we used administrative data, and thus we did not have access to laboratory data or patients' travel histories.
The health conditions causing the greatest mortality and morbidity in each district were identified using administrative data and consultations with community health committees and health workers.
Subsequently, the results of our sample using administrative data and the results of the ATTEND and the JCARE-CARD registries were compared.
However, accurately assessing diagnoses of dementia as well as risk factors remains challenging using administrative data and there are a number of limitations to this analysis.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com