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This study had a small patient population (32 hips LMW HA and 24 hips HMW HA) and they did not use a power calculation to prove that they included enough patients.
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Sample size was estimated using a power calculation based on 0.2 ± 0.6 changes in urotensin between groups.
None of the studies used a power calculation, and the sample sizes were usually small.
Sample size is determined using a power calculation to detect between group differences in the primary outcome measures.
Second, the results of the intervention effects might be limited by the relatively small sample size despite being estimated a priori using a power calculation.
The sample size was decided using a power calculation of 95% confidence intervals (CI) and 80% power based on the assumption that there would be at least 15% decrease in the prevalence of STIs among CSWs since the previous survey.
Only two studies (both non-RCTs) reported reasons for loss to follow-up, only two studies reported using a power calculation, and only two reported that the outcome assessor had been blinded.
This was determined using a power calculation based on demonstrating a difference of ~8% in the primary outcome variable C-telopeptides of collagen (CTx) with 80% power and alpha of 0.05 (2 sided test) and accepting 0.4μg/ml as mean CTx of this population (26).
The number of patients to be enrolled was determined in advance using a power calculation for two-sample proportions test based on expected bougienage rates of 13% with and 60% without steroid injection, informed by previous reports of esophageal peptic stricture rates [ 13], with an α error of 0.05 (two-tailed) and a β error of 0.2.
25 26 Overall, the majority of studies reported a clear hypothesis; but only four studies reported that they used a power calculation (5%, 95% CI 0 to 28%), and very few studies (11%, 95% CI 0 to 33%) discussed limitations of their studies.
No studies could be found describing the effect of vitamin D supplementation on an OGTT in subjects with prediabetes to use for a power calculation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com