The charging system uses a constant voltage method to charge the Li-ion battery.
The ceramic coatings were prepared using a constant voltage and various duty cycles between 20% and 45%.
The deposition of Co was performed using a constant voltage of −1 V at room temperature and electric current was monitored as a function of time.
The first anodization step was carried out using a constant voltage source (40 V) in a 0.3 M oxalic acid solution for 24 h and at a temperature around 1°C, then the oxide layer was removed by using a mixture of chromic and phosphoric acids at 30°C.
Electrical thresholds were obtained using a constant voltage device (PowerLab 26T; ADInstruments, Spechbach, Germany).
For these low-temperature processed devices continuous bias stress measurements were undertaken using a constant voltage (+5 V), Figure 7c.
For immunoblotting, proteins (10 μg) were first separated with 15% polyacrylamide gels using a constant voltage (100 V) in a Mini PROTEAN II system (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA).
Instantaneous local fluid solid heat transfer coefficient (ht) in a laboratory scale trickle-bed was measured using a constant-voltage anemometry technique.
Electrophoresis was performed at 25°C in a vertical tank apparatus using a constant-voltage power supply, until a bromophenol blue tracking dye reached the bottom of the gel.
A Parstat 2273 potentiostat (Princeton Applied Research, Oak Ridge, TN, USA) is used to apply a constant voltage and to follow the I-V curve in situ between a platinum circular electrode and the sample.
