Furthermore, I-V characteristics of the a-TaN x film deposited on Au show significant hysteresis effects for both polarities of bias voltage, while for the film deposited on Si hysteresis, effects appear only for positive bias voltage, suggesting that with the usage of the appropriate substrate, the a-TaN x nanodomains may have potential use as charge memory devices.
The developed technique can be employed to manufacture the films based on copper and other noble metals, and we believe that it will also find applications in SERS-based sensors in medicine and biology because it permits multiple usage of the same substrate in SERS measurements.
(A) Graph showing pH responses for green CPH-HE cellulose and green CPH-rhamnogalacturonan treated with a cellulase (cel2 ) and a pectinase (pec1 ), respectively, to show the usage of the CPH substrates at a pH range between pH 3.0 to 10.0.
The proposed technique of the silver nanoisland film formation enables multiple usage of the same glass substrate in SERS experiments.
In order to do this, the optimal assay conditions (temperature and pH) for all three enzymes were determined before, and then their usages of the different substrates were tested.
Of interest, if the usage of stored substrates from the adipose tissue as a source of energy indeed can protect the muscle during critical illness, this raises the question whether supplementing lean patients with lipids could mimic such muscle-sparing effect.
Aside of the usage of glass substrates with an high contact angle, one can also counteract the coffee ring effect by tuning the ink composition, e.g., by adding high boiling point solvents [11, 31, 32] to decrease the evaporation rate.
Then, we compared the capacity of the substrate usages simulated with the experimental data collected in [ 43], from cells grown on batch culture with high amount of D-glucose (22 mM) and cells grown on D-glucose limited (Additional file 6: Figure S1).
Several methods have been developed to maintain retinal explants in vitro, involving the usage of different substrates on which retinal tissues are placed for support [ 188– 191].
As the cost of cellulosic substrates play the central role in determining the economy of the saccharification process, lot of emphasis had been given to the usage of low price substrates and therefore screening of the agricultural wastes for release of sugars as organic wastes from renewable forest and agricultural residues [ 3].
