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Organisms having similar G + C-bias show lower values for codon usage distance, irrespective of their host body niches.
To characterize genes of different occurrence frequencies, we calculated the guanine and cytosine (GC) content, standardized per genome, the codon usage distance relative to the average genomic codon usage using B(g| C) (Karlin et al. 1998), and the U/C choice in degenerate codon position index with P2 (Gouy and Gautier 1982).
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Heatmap of codon usage distances between core genomes of Prevotella strains.
A heat-map of codon usage distances has been shown in the Additional file 7: Figure S3.
We have also studied the trends in codon usage in the core gene sets for each of the Prevotella genomes under study and calculated the codon usage distances between the core gene sets for all possible pairs of genomes, as described in Methods.
One may, in principle, use distances computed using codon usage or amino acid usage biases instead of oligo-nucleotide distributions.
One of the simplest methods of object detection is usage of distance between pixels to the reference image pixels [18].
Second, we analyzed variations of codon usage and distance from the CR of each of the 22 tRNA genes across taxa, specifically focusing on the rearranged gene orders within lower taxa.
To limit this effect and to corroborate our results, we took two other approaches: first, we averaged codon usage and distance from the CR for each of 22 tRNA across taxa, respectively, yielding 22 independent data points of 22 non-homologous tRNA genes.
To this end, we asked of Ectocarpus 1) which hexamers are enriched at exonic ends compared with intronic sequence and 2) which hexamers are used at exon ends more than in exon centers (i.e., have a negative slope of proportional usage against distance from exonic end).
Finally, there are two possibilities to capture concentration changes between two time points--the continuous, specified by the usage of a distance measure (e.g., Euclidean distance), and the binary, based on an appropriate definition of significant change.
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