Urine samples were assayed for 11 valproate metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Blood samples were assayed for SCr, and urine samples were assayed for uNGAL and KIM-1.
All 233 random urine samples were assayed for PrCr of which 91 (39.1%) were ≥30 mg/mmol.
Urine samples were assayed in the laboratory of Dr. Strickland at the Johns Hopkins University.
Urine samples were assayed for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Urine samples were assayed at 1 10 dilution (100 μL urine + 50 μL working mixed internal standard + 850 μL 15 mM ammonium acetate).
Plasma samples were assayed for creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C (CysC), and urine samples were assayed for alkaline phosphatase (AP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), NGAL, α- and π-glutathione S-transferase (GST), CysC, and albumin.
The urine samples were assayed between 2009 and 2010 for the oxidatively modified guanine nucleosides 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo using a validated method of ultraperformance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (11).
We previously reported findings based on measurements made in 24-hour urine samples from 127 women with breast cancer and 353 matched control participants whose urine samples were assayed in 2002; the closure date for this study period was October 31, 2001 (8).
Therefore, as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 2006, urine samples were assayed a) to evaluate 3HPMA and CEMA in urine as biomarkers of exposure to acrolein for the U.S. population by age, sex, race, and smoking status; and b) to assess tobacco smoke as a predictor of acrolein exposure.
Each urine sample was assayed for UFC and creatinine.
