In the SAD and MAD studies, the statistical significance of the relationships between luseogliflozin dose and plasma or urine glucose levels were analyzed using analysis of covariance with baseline plasma or urine glucose levels as the covariate.
Urine EtG and EtS levels were analyzed by using Shimadzu 8030 + MS/MS system coupled with Nexera XR LC-20 AD liquid chromotograph, equipped with a Shim-Pack Column FC-ODS 150X2.0 by Shimadzu.
First, Hsp72 mRNA levels were analyzed in collected urine samples of the different groups studied.
Urine NGAL, Kim-1 and IL-18 levels were analyzed using commercially available ELISA kits: rat NGAL ELISA kit (Innovative Research IRNGALKT), rat Kim-1 ELISA kit (CosmoBIO Co CSB-E08808r) and rat IL-18 ELISA Kit (Invitrogen KRC2341).
Methylation levels were analyzed by bisulfite sequencing.
The urine NGAL level was analyzed by using a NORMAN-2 scattering turbidimetry analyzer with an NGAL Assay (Norman Inc., Nanjing, China), and the measurable range was 0 to 4,000 ng/mL.
The samples of these four beverages and the blood samples were analyzed using headspace gas chromatography for ethanol levels, and urine samples were analyzed with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for ethyl-glucuronide and ethyl-sulphate levels.
Urinary β2m levels of spot urine samples were analyzed using the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dietary patterns were studied using twenty four hour dietary recalls and frequency consumption of foods of animal origin performed on three occasions at six months intervals within a period of one and half years.
Urine samples were analyzed for levels of arsenite (iAsIII), arsenate (iAsV), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and arsenobetaine by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the University of Arizona Hazard Identification Core (Larsen et al. 1993; Le et al. 2000; Wei et al. 2001).
Urine samples were analyzed to determine EtG and EtS levels.
