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Urbanisation data were obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture USDAas, as described in greater detail below.
Behavioural data from the two rounds of IBBA surveys, district-level FSW HIV prevention program data, and urbanisation data from the Census of India were utilized.
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This suggests a confounding role of SES, which was confirmed by the presence of an inverse association between urbanisation level and SES (data not shown).
Data on urbanisation (such as population size and density; proportion of households with television; and availability of facilities such as electricity, bank, and health centre) collected from the village heads showed little variation between the villages (data not shown), and adjustment for urbanisation (population size) did not materially alter any of the results.
Logistic regression analysis of this data revealed that urbanisation level and household composition are essential factors influencing car ownership.
The current epidemic of non-communicable diseases in India is attributed to increased longevity and lifestyle changes resulting from urbanisation. 1 2 However, recent data suggest that non-communicable diseases are already the commonest cause of death in some parts of rural India.
Although the review by Saha and colleagues did not find significant differences in prevalence according to the degree of urbanisation, this contrasts with consistent data showing significantly higher incidence of psychotic disorders in urban areas [ 7, 24, 25].
The INDEPTH Migration and Urbanisation Working Group used HDSS data from seven HDSS sites in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia to study the health and socio-economic implications of migration (21).
The method proposed in this paper and its outcomes can be helpful in the current urbanisation age as they constitute a data driven basis for reasoning on possible design schemes and urban policies.
Data on language and urbanisation were included as covariates in the model.
The random slope model showed the effect of IBBA round on HIV varied significantly and the estimated district level variance in HIV prevalence was 0.07 for IBBA round 2. District level variables include FSW programrelated data and level of urbanisation.
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