They find that on average, rural-urban relative risk ratios fall by 53% when household wealth is controlled for and by a further 23% when other socio economic variables are controlled for.
Van de Poel et al. [ 1], using DHS data from 47 developing countries have attempted to quantify the contribution of wealth and other socio-economic characteristics to child nutrition outcomes by examining how rural-urban relative risk ratios for stunting/child mortality change as these characteristics are successively controlled for.
The increase in diastolic blood pressure of the non-urban boys, relative to the urban boys apparently suggests a possible fading of the protection from blood pressure elevation which traditional non-urban sub-Saharan African societies once had.
Additionally, we were surprised to identify a significantly higher proportion of children with serious/severe TBI among non-urban children relative to children from urban areas, although the difference between the groups was small.
On average, males earn a much higher income than females, and so do urban residents relative to rural residents.
The above data will be used to calculate the energy consumption of our proposed urban EV relative to a sample ICEV.
However in more arid environments man-made modifications of the environment can cause urban cooling relative to the surrounding landscape particularly during the dry season.
The results of the analyses show that for every 1% increase in the urban population relative to the total population, national energy consumption rose 1.4%, while industrialisation was not significantly associated with the growth of energy use during this period.
The differences in life histories of species in urban environments relative to in their native habitats are diverse, but include increased geographic distributions, decreased home ranges, higher densities, changes in foraging, increased reproductive output, and other life history traits [7], [11], [14], [16] [19].
