The resulting comparison group includes teachers from five local school districts, three of which overlap with districts represented by the specialist group: one urbanized area, three urban clusters, and one rural (population less than 2500).
Rural area populations that were near urbanized areas and urban clusters had spatial access to endocrinologists that practiced in them.
For Census 2000 the U.S. Census Bureau classifies as urban all territory, population, and housing units located within urbanized areas (UAs) and urban clusters (UCs).
Over the course of two academic years (2013 2014 and 2014 2015), all EMS and ESS in full-time teaching positions from seven local school districts were invited to participate in this study: one urbanized area (population 50,000 250,000) and six urban clusters (population 2500 50,000).
According to the US 2010 census, 71.2 % of the US population lives in an urbanized area, 9.5 % lives in urban clusters and 19.3 % lives in rural areas [ 19].
Among 6,501 adult endocrinologists, 6,201 (95.4 %) were located in urbanized areas, 176 (2.7 %) were located in urban clusters and 124 (1.9 %) were located in rural areas.
This is due to the nature of endocrinologist geographic distributions and the fact that urban clusters tend to be relatively far away from urbanized areas where most endocrinologists practice.
Similarly among 1,203 pediatric endocrinologists, 1,165 (96.8 %) were located in urbanized areas, but only 17 (1.4 %) were located in urban clusters and 21 (1.8 %) were located in rural areas.
Topically integrated geographic encoding and referencing® shapefiles from the 2010 United States Census [ 21] were used to identify the census block group of each home or work address, and to classify home addresses as being in rural areas; in urban clusters, which contain at least 2,500 people; or in urbanized areas, which contain 50,000 or more people [ 22].
U.S. Census Urbanized Areas represents the Census 2000 Urbanized Areas (UA) and Urban Clusters (UC).
Noticing that most of the cyclists were English speakers living in certain urban clusters, he recruited bilingual volunteers to connect with communities in other parts of the city.
